Alloy 401,Monel 401,，EFORU

### **Alloy 401 / Monel® 401 (UNS N04401) - Technical Datasheet** --- #### **1. Overview** **Monel® 401** is a nickel-copper alloy specifically designed for specialized electrical and electronic applications. This alloy offers a unique combination of controlled thermal expansion characteristics, excellent electrical conductivity, and good corrosion resistance. Developed primarily for use in electron tubes and other electronic components, it provides reliable performance where precise electrical and thermal properties are critical. --- #### **2. Chemical Composition (Weight %)** The composition is optimized for electrical and thermal properties. | Element | Content (%) | Role & Benefit | |---------|-------------|----------------| | **Nickel (Ni)** | 40.0 - 45.0 | Base element providing strength and corrosion resistance | | **Copper (Cu)** | Balance | Principal element for electrical conductivity | | **Iron (Fe)** | 1.0 - 1.5 | Controlled for optimal magnetic properties | | **Manganese (Mn)** | 1.5 - 2.5 | Deoxidizer and sulfur control | | **Carbon (C)** | 0.15 max | Controlled for optimal electrical properties | | **Silicon (Si)** | 0.15 max | Controlled impurity | | **Sulfur (S)** | 0.015 max | Tightly controlled impurity | | **Magnesium (Mg)** | 0.05 - 0.15 | Grain refinement and sulfur control | *Note: "Monel" is a registered trademark of Special Metals Corporation* --- #### **3. Physical Properties** The physical properties highlight its electrical and thermal characteristics. | Property | Value | |----------|-------| | **Density** | 8.83 g/cm³ (0.319 lb/in³) | | **Melting Point** | 1300-1350°C (2370-2460°F) | | **Specific Heat (20°C)** | 440 J/kg·K | | **Thermal Conductivity** | 29.7 W/m·K (at 20°C) | | **Mean Coefficient of Thermal Expansion** | 14.2 × 10⁻⁶/°C (20-300°C) | | **Electrical Resistivity** | 0.48 μΩ·m | | **Modulus of Elasticity** | 155 GPa (22.5 × 10⁶ psi) | | **Magnetic Permeability** | < 1.01 (Essentially non-magnetic) | | **Thermal EMF vs Copper** | Approximately 40 μV/°C | --- #### **4. Mechanical Properties** The alloy offers good strength with excellent electrical properties. **Annealed Condition:** | Property | Value | |----------|-------| | **Tensile Strength** | 380-480 MPa (55-70 ksi) | | **Yield Strength (0.2% Offset)** | 170-240 MPa (25-35 ksi) | | **Elongation** | 35-45% | | **Hardness** | 65-80 HRB | | **Fatigue Strength** | 210 MPa (30 ksi) | **Cold Worked Condition:** | Property | Value | |----------|-------| | **Tensile Strength** | 550-690 MPa (80-100 ksi) | | **Yield Strength** | 480-620 MPa (70-90 ksi) | | **Elongation** | 15-25% | | **Hardness** | 85-100 HRB | --- #### **5. Product Applications** **Monel 401** serves in specialized electrical and electronic applications: - **Electronics & Electrical:** - Lead-in wires for electron tubes - Vacuum tube components - Electrical resistance wires - Thermocouple elements - **Communications:** - Radio tube components - Waveguide components - Microwave tube parts - Electronic connector springs - **Industrial Applications:** - Resistance welding tips - Electrical switch components - Precision electrical contacts - Instrumentation components - **Thermal Management:** - Heat exchanger tubes in specific environments - Thermal expansion matching components - Cryogenic electrical components - **Specialized Applications:** - Glass-to-metal seals - Precision springs for electrical devices - Laboratory instrument components --- #### **6. International Standards** The material conforms to various international specifications: | Standard | Specification | |----------|---------------| | **ASTM** | ASTM F96 - Electronic Grade Alloys
ASTM B164 - Nickel-Copper Alloy Rod, Bar, and Wire | | **UNS** | UNS N04401 | | **AMS** | AMS 7230, AMS 7231 | | **Military** | MIL-E-5272 | | **ISO** | ISO 6208 - NiCu40Fe | | **EN** | EN 10095 - NW 4400 | --- #### **7. Electrical Properties** - **Electrical Conductivity:** ~35% IACS (International Annealed Copper Standard) - **Temperature Coefficient of Resistance:** 0.0025/°C - **Thermal EMF:** Low thermal electromotive force against copper - **Contact Resistance:** Excellent for electrical contacts - **Stability:** Stable electrical properties over time and temperature --- #### **8. Fabrication Characteristics** - **Machining:** Good machinability with proper tool geometry - **Forming:** Excellent cold working properties - **Welding:** Good weldability using GTAW and resistance methods - **Annealing:** 650-870°C (1200-1600°F) in controlled atmosphere - **Joining:** Can be brazed and soldered using standard techniques --- #### **9. Special Properties** - **Controlled Expansion:** Matches thermal expansion of certain glasses and ceramics - **Non-Magnetic:** Essentially non-magnetic in all conditions - **Stability:** Maintains properties after repeated thermal cycling - **Reliability:** Consistent performance in long-term service - **Compatibility:** Good performance in vacuum and controlled atmospheres --- #### **10. Summary** **Monel® 401 (UNS N04401)** represents a specialized nickel-copper alloy engineered primarily for electrical and electronic applications where controlled thermal expansion, excellent electrical conductivity, and reliable performance are paramount. Its unique combination of properties makes it particularly valuable in vacuum tube technology, electronic components, and specialized electrical applications. The alloy's ability to maintain stable electrical characteristics while providing good mechanical strength and corrosion resistance establishes it as a preferred material for critical electronic components. Governed by comprehensive standards including ASTM F96 and AMS 7230, Monel 401 continues to serve in specialized applications where conventional materials cannot meet the stringent requirements for electrical and thermal performance.

Packing of Standard Packing: Typical bulk packaging includes palletized plastic 5 gallon/25 kg. pails, fiber and steel drums to 1 ton super sacks in full container (FCL) or truck load (T/L) quantities. Research and sample quantities and hygroscopic, oxidizing or other air sensitive materials may be packaged under argon or vacuum. Solutions are packaged in polypropylene, plastic or glass jars up to palletized 1722 gallon liquid totes Special package is available on request.